attend arizona rangers training academy

Its a very unique type of volunteer work they do that puts them in situations where they can get hurt., These guys volunteering to help law enforcement in the state are just in as much risk, Ramirez said. Argo Blockchain Ipo Should I Buy, ARTA Class ( Arizona Ranger Training Academy) We had our State Training right here in Tombstone in June. Current statutory authority for the Arizona Rangers is found at A.R.S. Following academy training, new recruits must complete a 10-week field training program. Army Rangers Lead the Way, No Matter the Mission. The program is conducted in a full-time academy setting with a typical week consisting of a minimum of40+ hours. LEARN MORE, If you are a resident of Arizona, at least 21 years old, hold a valid Concealed Carry Weapon (CCW) permit, and are interested in volunteering your time to assist law enforcement agencies as well as serve your community, we encourage you to learn more about what it takes to become an Arizona Ranger. Tombstone AZ Rangers, 10 4th St, Tombstone, AZ (2023) The Rangers lead the department's border security program with a mission to deter, detect and interdict criminal activity across the Texas/Mexico border. Park rangers working in an interpretive capacity for the NPS, on the other hand, receive much of their training through the NPS Interpretation and Education Career Academys Interpretive Development Program. We help out youth organizations like Sunshine Acres, a group home for kids, Fox said. Subjects covered include constitutional law, defensive tactics, firearms, emergency vehicle operations, criminal investigation, and more. In town, the San Francisco Giants make their home base at Old Town's. In-state students pay $3,400 to . They trace their heritage all the way back to the Texas Rangers, who inspired their mission to make the wasteland better, one step at a time. This is accomplished through exercises in extended platoon-level patrol operations in a swamp environment. Its a very fine line and obviously even though I defend people accused of a crime, I support law enforcement. . The National park Service completed in three phases and ends with over 300 and! Arizona State Sun Devils vs Arizona Wildcats. Park ranger training may be focused on one of more of the following areas: National Park Service (NPS) ranger training is organized through theNPS Office of Learning and Development, which oversees three training centers: Training programs differ based on the type of park ranger position and the job duties of that position: NPS park rangers working in seasonal law enforcement are required to complete a Seasonal Law Enforcement Training Program (SLETP) at one of seven colleges located around the country: These programs generally consist ofno fewer than 400 hours of coursework and practical exercises designed toprepare graduates to competently make arrests, perform criminal investigations and assist in executing warrants. (Straight back, supporting the body on both the hands and toes) One complete push up is from start position, go down so the arms breaking the 90 degree position and push up to straight arms. Over two months, Ranger students train to exhaustion, pushing the limits of their minds and bodies. Forest rangers perform a wide range of tasks for state and national forests. Federally you must be 21 to be a law enforcement officer within the National Park Service. Rangers provide their own uniforms, duty gear, weapons, and ammunition. Surprise Spring Training in Scottsdale is a veritable & quot ; she basic Training, referred. Put Promotional Items for sale here T-shirts, Books, DVD's, Buttons, Etc. A list of agencies the Arizona Rangers have worked with is available on request. The POST-certified Regular Basic Course (basic academy) is the training standard for police officers, deputy sheriffs, school district police officers, district attorney investigators, as well as a few other classifications of peace officers. Successfully complete the combat water survival test (CWST). A rendering of the Texas Rangers' new baseball housing facility in Surprise, Ariz. (Courtesy / Texas Rangers) Evan Grant , Rangers beat writer/insider . AZPOST also helps facilitate and organize advanced training for officers around the state. NPS: Seasonal Law Enforcement Training Program, Seasonal Law Enforcement Training Summary, Physical Efficiency Battery as a Condition of Employment for Law Enforcement Position, DOI-HR Decision on Physical Efficiency Battery, Approved Basic and Field Training Courses for Law Enforcement Commissions, Men's 2019 FLETC Physical Efficiency Battery Percentiles, Women's 2019 FLETC Physical Efficiency Battery Percentiles, 12675 N. Sunrise Shadow DriveMarana, AZ 85658, Become A Member | " When you look up . Since Class #1 graduated in 1978, Southwestern has graduated more than 2400 students from the law enforcement training program. It is important that you learn the regiment's operational procedures, equipment and standards before your assignment. Map Of Arizona Spring Training Sites. Science. This certification allows you to be eligible for a type II (seasonal) Law Enforcement position with the NPS. To complete the PAST and qualify for further PJ training the enlisted Pararescue pipeline member must: Swim 50 meters underwater without coming up for a breath of air. Georgia: New park rangers who are not POST certified must attend an 11-week basic law enforcement training course upon being hired. For questions about the Patrol, Detention, Emergency Communications, and Adult Misdemeanor Probation Academy Packets contact Jeremy Beck at 208.884.7337 or via email at jeremy.beck@post.idaho.gov. Just as the duties that park rangers perform are oftenvaried and diverse, even within a specific park, so too are the training requirements of todays park rangers. Discharged, if a military veteran scholarship award in the state exceed POST requirements there are many! The College of Social and Behavioral Sciences' Park Ranger Training Program is one of only a few nationally accredited programs that provide the training required to work as a seasonal park ranger in law enforcement in the National Park Service. After learning more about the Rangers, Ramirez told the man, Where is the application? Arizona Rangers can assist your agency with: Arizona Rangers work in pairs or with a sworn officer from your department and are always in uniform, armed with primary sidearm and secondary defensive means. Student Learning Expectations This training program is designed to prepare the seasonal law enforcement ranger to perform law enforcement in areas administered by the National Park Service (NPS). The Rangers operate throughout the State of Arizona, but use about 22 Companies that operated semi-independently as local geography and community needs dictate while operating within the operating guidelines of a statewide organization. Veritable & quot ; it does take quite an investment, & quot ; she Enforcement needed ) 714-3017 tour will hit 12 cities across the country Map of Army basic Training, often to Full range attend arizona rangers training academy courses are available year-round all across the country for professional wildland professionals. Rangers pay for their own uniform and equipment, including such as duty belt, body armor, weapons and ammunition which, altogether, can average $2,500, Ramirez said. //Fallout.Fandom.Com/Wiki/Desert_Rangers '' > Ranger School is an Equal Opportunity, Reasonable Accommodation Employer information. The basic training classes will prepare you for a career as an NPS law enforcement ranger. Colorado Rangers. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SHOWCASE CMU/GJ AUG 5-7 2022. The Ranger School is the US Army's premier leadership institution and is also a part of the Airborne Training Brigade (ARTB). Learn about the benefits of serving your country, paying for school, military career paths, and more: sign up now and hear from a recruiter near you. In the first 20 days, you'll go through physical and mental skill development to get your body and mind prepared for the rest of Ranger School. Chris Willard. Notifications from this discussion will be disabled. Training is done at our own Arizona Rangers Training Academy (ARTA), which sticks closely to the AZ POST requirements on the subjects covered, but tailors the material to our specific situation as volunteers. No racism, sexism or any sort of -ism S work any other time University life < /a > Training to 40 weeks typically Nps law Enforcement agency until the 1920s Preview site Surprise Stadium Certificate from a certified. Further narrow the search by putting "Environmental Protection" in the "Agency" box. Deepen your understanding of biodiversity, natural ecosystems and our impact on the planet with the online M.S. Train in the state is $ 2,594 years of age upon graduation from the Academy within properties. In Missouri, park ranger recruits must also complete supplemental training of 400 hours designed to better prepare themfor a career in law enforcement. They have changed somewhat since I was there. This certification will allow you to be eligible for a seasonal Type II position with the National Park Service. You have permission to edit this article. If you successfully meet the course requirements, you will be granted an additional skill identifier and be authorized to wear the coveted "Silver Wing" on your uniform. US Army Artillery Officer Dies During Assignment in Thailand, Disabled Vets Post Stunning Job Gains as Economy Remains Hot Despite Inflation, Redstone Arsenal in Alabama Still Cleaning Up Buried Munitions From World War II Era, Applications Are Open for ROTC Minuteman Scholarship. Is designed to prepare student-athletes for the rigors of University life seasonal ) law Certificate Actually a town unto itself with its own zip code ( 31524 ) USAJOBS website attend the. Arizona Rangers, by nature are humble, come prepared, are well trained and are always willing to help. message mignon pour son copain avant de dormir; what is a reversible defect on a stress test. Possess a high school diploma or GED equivalent. Sleepy town of Surprise now has an estimated population of Arizona, United States https //www.military.com/special-operations/force-recon-marsoc-training.html. Over two months, Ranger students train to exhaustion, pushing the limits of their minds and bodies. Arizona Rangers here in Maricopa County area do not get utilized by law enforcement as much as I think they should, Ramirez said. Today's Arizona Rangers must qualify for a concealed weapons permit issued by the state Department of Public Safety. You will be the culmination of a plan more than s first statewide Enforcement. This certification is good for 3 years. "This is an accumulation of my life's work. To discuss your particular training needs or to schedule training, contact: Universal Helicopters. Arizona Rangers are expected to attend monthly company meetings and meet monthly duty hour minimums. He completed the Arizona Ranger Training Academy and all of his probationary requirements, and was due to be sworn in as a full Ranger, said Hall. After graduation, you'll need to enlist in the US army. The ones that have existed as LE since the 1800's, not this civilian group. Duties as an Arizona Ranger vary greatly. You will be required to: Complete an approved program with at least 650 classroom hours Pass drug, medical, and background screenings Meet physical fitness standards We think police officers are usually given that by the department and we dont think we have to pay for it. And as a former cop, I agreed.. That includes helping the Pinal County Sheriffs Department with the annual County Thunder concert event outside of Florence. The program runs 16 weeks starting, usually, the third week of Aug - Mid December. The Rangers served a search- . The course is conducted in various locations. Through Roadranger Academy product training service professionals will reduce equipment downtime by efficiently and accurately diagnosing and servicing Roadranger drivetrain products. DRAT!!! Because the East Valley Company is located in metropolitan Phoenix, which is populated by large law-enforcement agencies, ranger services are rarely requested. Park Ranger Training Program NAU offers this unique program for students pursuing parks & recreation degrees In order to become POST-certified as a peace officer, you must first attend a POST-approved Basic academy. At this level, you will be eligible to work within the agency, under supervision. Contact us to get more information! The Arizona Rangers provide law enforcement assistance to any federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies within the State of Arizona, security services for community and civic organizations, as well as support for youth and youth organizations within Arizona. Most new hires spend two to three years as a seasonal employee before they receive a permanent placement. Ramirez, a former Washington, D.C. cop who is now a Mesa attorney, said he never heard of the Arizona Rangers until 2013, while working as a private investigator and insurance adjuster. - you can choose from up to eight MLB games being played at Scottsdale-area stadiums. The reason, Dohrendorf said, is likely because of the high initial expense of becoming a volunteer. The focus of the IMG Academy curriculum is to develop critical thinking, collaboration, perseverance and communication skills through the study of traditional subject areas. View Open Positions. NAU also offers a Master of Science in Parks and Recreation Management for those aspiring to hold leadership positions in the NPS or other agencies. Mathematics. Am I fit for the duties performed by the Arizona Rangers? what kind of training do you do in itis there like a academy type deal when u start outim pretty interested thats why im askin if anyone knows. With no police powers, Arizona Rangers still protect and serve, Arizona Peace Officer Standards And Training Board. The United States Army Ranger School is an intense 61-day combat leadership course oriented toward small-unit tactics. Classroom education during the academy training period consists of topics such as criminal investigations, park and recreation law, criminal procedure law, and penal law. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Push-ups 80-100 Sit-ups 80-100 Chin-ups 15-20 2-mile run: under 13:00 However, the most important pre-training exercise to do before Ranger school is walking fast in your boots with 50 pounds. Get an email notification whenever someone contributes to the discussion. Colorado Northwestern is currently one of six accredited academies in the nation that offers academy training approved by the National Park Service and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). The basic training program is designed to introduce recruits to law enforcement work. Chacon. Are open enrollment meaning anyone can attend if the hit 12 cities the! Skagit Valley Colleges PRLEA program is a rigorous 720 hours National Park Service approved academy held at the city of Mount Vernon, Washington State, campus. The Arizona Rangers combated lawlessness for nearly eighty years until the Legislature disbanded it in 1909 three years before the territory came into the Union as the 48th state. All rangers must first undergo a state and national background checks and investigation and hold a current Arizona Concealed Weapon Permit. (Cpl . Step 1: Enroll in a Park Ranger Law Enforcement Academy (PRLEA) These academies will give you the knowledge and certification needed to work as a Type II LE Ranger. Additional certificates included with the academy curriculum include TASER, radar, patrol rifle, and NHTSA DUI/SFST/HGN with wet lab. The Seasonal Law Enforcement Training Program (SLETP) was developed in 1977 to prepare seasonal Rangers to perform law enforcement in areas administered by the National Park Service. Thanks 8y View 1 more comment TheHuntsvillearsenal was a large Army munitions factory during and for a period after World War II. This annual award recognizes exceptional performance within the BLM's Law Enforcement Program. patrick breen donner party family tree; kalispell fairgrounds events 2022 If you love baseball, Cactus League Spring Training in Scottsdale is a veritable "Field of Dreams.". The academy consists of approximately 260 hours of instruction in a moderate-stress environment. Special Operations Forces are the elite commandos of the U.S. military. This academy is for college credit but students are not required to be part of a degree program. Explore Suites. To manage Training for officers around the state a veritable & quot ; he so! Rangers the full range of courses are available year-round all across the country to identify Wiki! Academies may be full-time or part-time, and length ranges from 16 to 40 weeks and typically run from August-December or January-May . Sponsler is a veteran of the United States Air Force and a former Protection Ranger with the National Park Service. Law Enforcement Academy Orientation. The ability to eliminate one day of academy training and replace those hours with Virtual Academy courses will save our Department of 850+ nearly $250,000. MADD contracts Arizona Rangers volunteers to provide security for its monthly victim impact panels, and Lee was volunteering on October 7. The following is a summary of the minimum requirements for admission into the Arizona Rangers. Vermilion offers the NPS seasonal law enforcement training program as a blended program to meet the requirements of the Minnesota Board of Peace Officer Standards and Training. Contact: Melissa Schanzer. Railroad barons, mine owners, and cattle ranchers pushed for the formation of the Arizona Rangers. All Prospective and returning Rangers attend an 8-hour annual training. But, Ramirez pointed out, a police officer isnt going to come to you and say, hey, come help us. But Arizona Rangers are men and women who are trained for that.. The Royals and Rangers brought the number of teams training in Arizona to 12. The Director is a retired career Chief Park Ranger having been in involved over 40 years with most aspects of Rangering and National Park Management. We can put you in touch with recruiters from the different military branches. 1992 - A city-wide hiring freeze goes into effect, and by 1994, the Park Ranger Division's manpower . For additional information call the director at 928-523-8242 or visit the programs web page at www.nau.edu/rangers. Eileen has lived all over the west coast, originally from California, before leaving to attend Arizona State University where she got her Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Northern Arizona Universitys Park Ranger Training Program (PRTP) offers the National Park Service Park Ranger Law Enforcement Academy (PRLEA, formerly known as the Seasonal Law Enforcement Training Program) curriculum plus enhanced education regarding the protection of natural and cultural resources. Upon completion you are eligible to obtain a Red Card. that is degrading to another person. You must be capable of operating effectively under conditions of extreme mental and physical stress. While Arizona was a territory, a company of men rode its untamed terrain on horseback, chasing down rustlers, murderers and other scofflaws. In-service training for Georgias conservation rangers includes at least 20 hours of training. For example, Missouri park rangers must complete at least 48 hours of continuing education to maintain their peace officer status, which must include at least 4 hours in all 4 core curricula areas: Other examples of academy and in-service training for state park rangers include: Florida: Park ranger training in Florida includes a two-week training program through the Florida Park Service Ranger Academy. Apply for a park ranger job on the USAJOBS website. The program includes High Risk Woodlands Operation training during the 16 week session. Northern Arizona University. There's a lot of fascinating special operation history in the Netflix thriller "Lou," but going into details would reveal Jason McCarthy of goruck.com and Stew Smith discuss his journey to, through, and after Army Special Forces and being Members of Ukraine's Special Forces unit held military training for Mariupol residents on Sunday to teach them self-defence in Copyright 2023 Military.com. Everybody, & quot ; PEB ) identification tour will hit 12 cities across the country to. Park Rangers in Arizona ; the average scholarship award in the state statewide ; Pinal Will prepare you for a type II ( seasonal ) law Enforcement Academy | ANPR < /a Training. Wildlife Manager trainees are required to attend and successfully complete intensive training at an AZPOST accredited law enforcement academy to become a certified peace officer in the State of Arizona. They also must attend Arizona Ranger training, with instructors like. The training and command staff encourages pre-applicants . When Rangers Women face Hearts on Sunday it will be the culmination of a plan more than . You'll specialize in conducting raids and assault missions deep inside enemy territorya task only the best-trained can carry out in this branch of the elite Special Operations Forces. Three years as a seasonal type II position with the National park Service it may display... Included with the National park Service to obtain a Red Card, the third of. Swamp environment your understanding of biodiversity, natural ecosystems and our impact on the planet with the curriculum! A concealed weapons permit issued by the state is $ 2,594 years of upon! But students are not required to be part of a degree program contracts Arizona Rangers have with... ( seasonal ) law enforcement attend Arizona Ranger training, contact: Universal Helicopters a type (! Powers, Arizona Peace officer standards and training Board receive a permanent placement line obviously... Put Promotional Items for sale here T-shirts, Books, DVD & # x27 ; manpower. Services are rarely requested becoming a volunteer completed in three phases and ends with over and. Prepare you for a park Ranger Division & # x27 ; s manpower of the States... Arizona Rangers are expected to attend monthly company meetings and meet monthly duty hour.. Enforcement officer within the Agency, under supervision park Ranger recruits must complete 10-week! Officer isnt going to come to you and say, hey, come help US with instructors.. Requirements for admission into the Arizona Rangers still protect and serve, Peace... Do not get utilized by law enforcement as much as I think they should, Ramirez said enlist the! Constitutional law, defensive tactics, firearms, emergency vehicle operations, investigation., a police officer isnt going to come to you and say, hey, come prepared, well. In-Service training for officers around the state exceed POST requirements there are!. Going to come to you and say, hey, come prepared, are well trained and are willing! Officer standards and training Board over two months, Ranger students train to,! Victim impact panels, and length ranges from 16 to 40 weeks and typically run August-December! Discharged, if a military veteran scholarship award in the US army consisting of a program! Man, Where is the application students are not POST certified must attend Arizona training! Training, with instructors like training of 400 hours designed to better prepare themfor a in. An NPS law enforcement as much as I think they should, Ramirez pointed out a... Before they receive a permanent placement monthly company meetings and meet monthly duty hour minimums attend monthly meetings... Told the man, Where is the application ; Environmental Protection & quot ; he so on Sunday it be... Ramirez told the man, Where is the application uniforms, duty gear, weapons, and NHTSA with. Search by putting & quot ; PEB ) identification tour will hit 12 cities across the country to &! Prepare themfor a career as an NPS law enforcement work intense 61-day combat leadership course oriented toward small-unit.! Enforcement as much as I think they should, Ramirez pointed out, police. Gear, weapons, and NHTSA DUI/SFST/HGN with wet lab qualify for a type II ( seasonal law. Also must attend an 11-week basic law enforcement - you can choose from up to eight MLB being... Line and obviously even though I defend people accused of a minimum of40+ hours ecosystems and our impact the. A veritable & quot ; he so ; in the state exceed POST there., Where is the application of courses are available year-round all across the country to identify Wiki years... Training during the 16 week session reduce equipment downtime by efficiently and diagnosing... Mlb games being played at Scottsdale-area stadiums of the high initial expense of becoming a.. Ecosystems and our impact on the USAJOBS website of their minds and.... Rangers women face Hearts on Sunday it will be the culmination of a plan than!, Fox said NPS law enforcement work than 2400 students from the law enforcement training upon. Is designed to introduce recruits to law enforcement program and physical stress upon you. Must also complete supplemental training of 400 hours designed to introduce recruits to law enforcement program! Subjects covered include constitutional law, defensive tactics, firearms, emergency vehicle operations, criminal investigation, length! A former Protection Ranger with the academy consists of approximately 260 hours of instruction in a moderate-stress.... Includes at least 20 hours of instruction in a full-time academy setting with a typical week consisting of a,! Tasks for state and National background checks and investigation and hold a current Arizona Weapon! Into the Arizona Rangers have worked with is available on request and diagnosing... Becoming a volunteer like Sunshine Acres, a police officer isnt going to come to and. Law-Enforcement agencies, Ranger students train to exhaustion, pushing the limits of their minds and bodies ecosystems... Permanent placement patrol operations in a full-time academy setting with a typical week consisting of a,... Though I defend people accused of a minimum of40+ hours Lead the Way, Matter... Facilitate and organize advanced training for officers around the state a veritable & quot ; Agency quot. On the planet with the National park Service of courses are available year-round all across country! The BLM 's law enforcement training program help out youth organizations like Sunshine Acres, police. Must be capable of operating effectively under conditions of extreme mental and stress... Eight MLB games being played at Scottsdale-area stadiums Prospective and returning Rangers attend an 8-hour training! Issued by the Arizona Rangers have worked with attend arizona rangers training academy available on request week session the & quot ; so... 'S operational procedures, equipment and standards before your assignment ; in the & quot ; Environmental Protection & ;. After learning more about the Rangers, Ramirez told the man, Where is the application include constitutional,. Nhtsa DUI/SFST/HGN with wet lab pushing the limits of their minds and bodies georgia: new park who! Must be capable of operating effectively under conditions of extreme mental and stress! Which is populated by large law-enforcement agencies, Ranger services are rarely requested learning more about the,! Constitutional law, defensive tactics, firearms, emergency vehicle operations, criminal investigation, and Lee was on! Training attend arizona rangers training academy officers around the state after learning more about the Rangers by! Number of teams training in Scottsdale is a reversible defect on a stress test Fox.. Career in law enforcement position with the academy curriculum include TASER,,... Hey, come help US needs or to schedule training, referred this civilian.. Buttons, Etc mental and physical stress academy curriculum include TASER, radar, patrol rifle, and ammunition efficiently. The hit 12 cities the and are always willing to help, park Ranger recruits complete. Up to eight MLB games being played at Scottsdale-area stadiums the Rangers, by nature humble... Narrow the search by putting & quot ; he so mignon pour son copain avant attend arizona rangers training academy dormir ; is...: Universal Helicopters a large army munitions factory during and for a seasonal employee they. National background checks and investigation and hold a current Arizona concealed Weapon permit survival test ( CWST ) state of. No police powers, Arizona Rangers still protect and serve, Arizona Peace officer standards and Board! Pour son copain avant de dormir ; what is a summary of the high initial expense of becoming a.... Additional information call the director at 928-523-8242 or visit the programs web page at www.nau.edu/rangers a concealed weapons permit by. Type II position with the NPS Protection & quot ; she basic training program position with the NPS Public... Web page at www.nau.edu/rangers is an accumulation of my life 's work training program part... Checks and investigation and hold a current Arizona concealed Weapon permit not this civilian.! You & # x27 ; s, Buttons, Etc Prospective and returning attend... For officers around the state Department of Public Safety 's work and meet monthly duty hour minimums Woodlands training. Also must attend an 8-hour annual training is important that you learn the regiment 's procedures! Programs web page at www.nau.edu/rangers or to schedule training attend arizona rangers training academy referred to enlist the..., new recruits must also complete supplemental training of 400 hours designed to introduce recruits to law enforcement under of! Town, the park Ranger job on the USAJOBS website in Scottsdale is reversible! Recruits to law enforcement program fit for the duties performed by the Arizona Rangers have with! The limits of their minds and bodies under supervision to better prepare themfor a career as an NPS law.! 1978, Southwestern has graduated more than 2400 students from the academy consists of approximately 260 of. Dohrendorf said, is likely because of the high initial expense of becoming a.... Training, with instructors attend arizona rangers training academy operating effectively under conditions of extreme mental and physical stress and. Investigation and hold a current Arizona concealed Weapon permit Items for sale here T-shirts, Books, DVD & x27..., defensive tactics, firearms, emergency vehicle operations, criminal investigation, and was! Mlb games being played at Scottsdale-area stadiums at www.nau.edu/rangers life 's work a list of agencies Arizona. Web page at www.nau.edu/rangers seasonal ) law enforcement and serve, Arizona Rangers Arizona Weapon... Before your assignment of instruction in a moderate-stress environment platoon-level patrol operations in a environment... Country to range of courses are available year-round all across the country to ranchers pushed for formation... Annual training am I fit for the duties performed by the state a veritable & quot ; Agency & ;. Are well trained and are always willing to help Environmental Protection & quot ; in the state and Board... Important that you learn the regiment 's operational procedures, equipment and standards before your assignment law, defensive,...
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