WebDownload this stock image: Cartoon of President Theodore Roosevelt as a muckraker cleaning up the meat scandal. WebIn this lesson, students examine a political cartoon, a muckraker text, and the defense of a political boss to decide for themselves whether political bosses were corrupt. Would someone like Adam Conover be considered a Mudraker, since he exposes facts that not of lot of people know. WebThe Muckrakers' Vision of Democracy STANLEY K. SCHULTZ FR at least two lmtndred years the word "democracy" has fired Ameri-can emotions. Direct link to David Alexander's post Is this your homework, Ma, Posted 5 years ago. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Why do you think women played such an important role as muckrakers? An artist draws such images, which typically use satire, in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption and other social ills. WebThe Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacy organization that used violence to achieve their goals. Just like the venality it exposes, it will outlast us all., What Is An Inverted Pyramid in Journalism, 11 Best Journalism Tools For Busy Professionals, What Is Watchdog Journalism? Conditions prior to the reform of thomas nast and muckrakers, cities were open to. Direct link to Malak Mikbel's post how did the muckrakers hi, Posted 3 years ago. He was considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". WebView Copy of Muckrakers Chart from HISTORY history at Elizabethtown High School. Direct link to Drew Rader's post I would say so. WebNot all muckrakers were writers, however. The muckrakers were American journalists who exposed political, economic, and social injustices in the United States from 1890 to 1912. WebUnit 2 Lesson 5 Muckrakers Modern US History Muckrakers Political Cartoon Analysis: Choose one of the Political Cartoons and answer the following questions in complete sentences. Muckraker: Old Political Cartoons Born on September 27, 1840, in Landau, Germany, cartoonist Thomas Nast was best known for his powerful sketches of the Civil War and his influential political images. Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1890) No matter what side of the aisle you sit on, these incisive political cartoo. WebThe Influence of Muckrakers. There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils,. Background the progressive era, as the period in history at the turn of the 20th century has come to be known, was a time of tremendous. She was an early leader in the civil rights movement. Also, city politicians often got their jobs based on who they knew in power rather than their qualifications. So sit back, relax, and enjoy a good laugh courtesy of our talented cartoonists. 1) This political cartoon from 1884 BEST represents which of these topics? Upton Sinclair wrote over 100 books, both fiction and non-fiction. The work of muckrakers influenced the passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers. The muckrakers were American journalists who exposed political, economic, and social injustices in the United States from 1890 to 1912. WebMuckraker is the word used to describe any Progressive Era journalist who investigated and publicized social and economic injustices. The Tammany Hall "ward boss "wards" were the city's smallest political units from 16861938 served as the local vote gatherer and provider of patronage. The Progressive Movement (1901-1917) was initiated as a response to political and corporate abuses at the turn of the Twentieth Century. Find background information and a list of research topics for this important period. (Original Parks). WebPolitical Cartoons (1895) Thomas Nast was a caricaturist and an editorial cartoonist. Thus, the difference between these two narrative journalism techniques is how the facts are gathered and distributed. In 1904 these articles came to life as The Shame of the Cities. "There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. During the Progressive Era, muckraking journalists wrote articles attacking urban political bosses for corruption. WebUSSupreme CourtLincoln SteffensNew York Evening PostThe Shame of the CitiesMuckrakerTweed Days in St. LouisUpton SinclairRatsPresident Theodore Roosevelt Meat Inspection ActPure Food and Drug ActFood and Drug AdministrationJacob RiisNew York CityTenements Lower East SideImmigration Thomas NastHarpers WeeklyBoss The changes brought by industrialization have corrupted American politics, overcrowded American cities, and led to Big Business controlling the country. WebSteffens concentrated on urban government. Web Muckrakers such as Ida Tarbell, McClures Magazine exposed problems to the public. Investigating primary documents:political cartoons edition. Muckraking is vital because it exposes corruption and keeps the powerful accountable. It proved to be incredibly impactful on the society of the time. It was political fiction, and many people where disgusted by thedescriptionsofrottenmeat, Upton famously said "I wanted to make the reader feel with their hearts, but instead they felt withtheirstomachs". Students will be looking at various issues that muckrakers exposed through political cartoons. Thats why all our lessons and assessments are free. New technologies provided hot spots of job opportunities to. Muckraking is investigative journalism that focuses on keeping those in positions of power accountable by presenting stories based on facts that expose corruption. An early example of this during the Progressive Era was Ida B. What's the difference between suffragists and suffragettes? There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils,. I heard that most Progressives were humanists. This Cartoon has been created to show the issue with children being overworked and treated unfairly in the work place. Wells, who highlighted the horrors of lynching. WebDAY 2: Analyze a Progressive Era Political Cartoon - A political cartoon is an illustration containing a commentary that usually relates to current events or personalities. They captured blacks by bribing authority, and then tried them with ridiculous crimes, which they would lose, and be punished for. See more ideas about history, ida tarbell, american history. He was considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". Americans and immigrants. The name muckraker was pejorative when used by U.S. Pres. Being progressive is not religious viewpoint, one way or the other. Examples of political cartoons and yellow. WebBeginning in 1869, a political cartoonist, Nast, began publishing a series of deogratory cartoons again "Boss Tweed" and his Tammany Hall. Copyright 2023 | Become a Writer Today, President Theodore Roosevelt and Muckraking Journalism, Difference Between Yellow Journalism and Muckraking Journalism. This helped lead to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. in 1901, a fictional book that still exposed railroads as monopolies taking advantage of people in California. In other words, the powerful will also need to be kept accountable, so there will always be work for muckraking journalists. 8" x 11" sheet of computer paper. The muckrakers provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States. From theLibrary of Congress. The Jungle. She was told by the, to reframe from her position but she refused. Let's look back at all the lessons we failed to learn. Are you looking for a research topic for the progressive era? He landed his first illustration job when he was just 15 and later joined the staff of Harpers Weekly. The giant ladder that the child is on shows the danger of the work place. and more. Learn more in this article. Those who ignore history are doomed to repeat it. These cartoons allowed the public to be exposed to the reality of Tweed and his Tammany Hall. He used political cartoons and forum to inform readers of the criminal. Wells, who highlighted the horrors of lynching, highlighted the unjust practice and helped educate the public, took on John D.Rockefellers Standard Oil Company, Jacob Riis published a photo essay which revealed some of the worst cases of, Lincoln Steffens articles in McClures Magazine, an award-winning investigative reporter Mark Feldstein, Nigel Jaquiss reporting on Neil Goldschmidt, Matthew Desmonds Evicted: Poverty and Profit, David Barstow on retired generals co-opted by Pentagon, Michael J. Berens and Ken Armstrong revealed governments use of cheaper but more dangerous drug, Paige St. John helped change insurance regulation, Susan Schmidt, James V. Grimaldi, and R. Jeffrey Smith probe Washington lobbyist Jack Abramoff, Investigative Post, an organization attempting to put muckraking at the centre of their ethos. "A National Game that is Played Out," political cartoon, engraving by Thomas Nast. Progressive Era political cartoon of Theodore Roosevelt and describe how it conveys a perspective about government. WebMuckraker: Old Political Cartoons. You may use the This was a time that the president was looked up to and respected. It showed a satirical look at the harsh working conditions of Lithuanian immigrants working at a meatpacking company. A) Monopolies B) Industrialization C) Immigration and its Impact D) Causes of the Great Depression 2) Which of these would have been MOST concerned with the topic shown in this cartoon? Not all muckrakers were writers, however. In 1892, Wells published Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases, which detailed the systematic disenfranchisement of Southern Black people and even some poor Whites. He was notable for investigating corruption in municipal governmentin cities across America. Ida B. Muck-rake Direct link to Harriet Buchanan's post If you're asking if they , Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to ct26238's post Why do *Muckrakers* have , Posted 4 years ago. WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Whose corruption did the cartoons of Thomas Nast expose?, What was the name of Jacob Rii's book and what do you think it is referring to?, What effect did Rii's book have on society? Born on September 27, 1840, in Landau, Germany, cartoonist Thomas Nast was best known for his powerful sketches of the Civil War and his influential political images. Nast did poorly in school, preferring drawing to schoolwork. to describe the 19th century newspapers that were steered by strong leaders with an editorial voice (p. 173)and yellow journalism.. One of the biggest urban Investigating primary documents:political cartoons edition. WebSee the best political cartoons lampooning politics, congress, gun rights and US leaders. A comic strip showing how the meat gets to you. All in all however, I'd say you're right on the nose! One outcome of this was the increase of corruption and political What event sparked the creation of the cartoon? He studied art at the National Find background information and a list of research topics for this important period. Muckraking journalism is a term used for investigative reporting that exposes corruption and keeps those within positions of power accountable. She wrote that he had misread his Bunyan and had become uneasy at the effect on the public of the periodical presss increasing criticisms and investigations of business and political abuses., However, according to experts, this speech was a call for journalists to be even-handed and objective in their reporting.. Ida Tarbell , a teacher, author, and journalist, published a series of articles in McClures Magazine in 1902. 8" x 11" sheet of computer paper. Political Cartoons on Joe Biden. A) the Populists B) the Muckrakers C) the Know-Nothings D) the Anti-Imperialists She documented lynching or the hanging of African Americans. Progressive Era political cartoon of Theodore Roosevelt and describe how it conveys a perspective about government. The changes brought by industrialization have corrupted American politics, overcrowded American cities, and led to Big Business controlling the country. WebSee the best political cartoons lampooning politics, congress, gun rights and US leaders. If you chose to be an activist in The Progressive Era, muckraking journalism was an excellent option. WebDAY 2: Analyze a Progressive Era Political Cartoon - A political cartoon is an illustration containing a commentary that usually relates to current events or personalities. Learn what many called the 1950s era, along with other facts about the decade. In this lesson, students examine a political cartoon, a muckraker text, and the defense of a political boss to decide for themselves whether political bosses were corrupt. Was it just the force for change and exposure or were there more direct examples? Are you looking for a research topic for the progressive era? Posted 7 years ago. 216). This differs from yellow journalism, where some leading newspapers sensationalized stories using imagination rather than facts.. WebLincoln Steffens was one of the pioneering muckrakers whose work Tweed Days in St. Louis was the first muckraking article, published in McClure's magazine in October 1902.It exposed the system of political corruption in St. Louis and one of the biggest urban scandals of corruption and bribery case of Tammany boss William M. Tweed. One outcome of this was the increase of corruption and political Thomas Nast is known as the Father of the American Political Cartoon, having created satirical art during the 19th century that critiqued slavery and political corruption. He wrote: Theres an acute need for our independent, fact-based accountability journalism style., The aforementioned Mark Feldstein also wrote on this subject, stating that if history is any guide, no matter what form it takes, muckraking has a bright future. Thomas Nast cartoons actually Corruption of city governments In many large cities, political bosses - Hand-colored halftone of an illustration - AE5Y03 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Muckrakers were investigative reporters and writers during the Progressive Era (18901920) who wrote about corruption and injustices in order to bring about changes in society. Web Muckrakers such as Ida Tarbell, McClures Magazine exposed problems to the public. Direct link to Doctor Rosalia's post Would someone like Adam C. 8" x 11" sheet of computer paper. Muckrakers Work Thomas Nast Political Cartoons Nellie Bly Ten Days in a Madhouse (1887) Jacob Riis How the Other Half He studied art at the National WebThe Jungle, Muckrakers, and Teddy Roosevelt. Lewis Hine's was a photographer, and a sociologist. She is known as the "Original" Rosa Parks. No matter what side of the aisle you sit on, these incisive political cartoons will give you a new perspective on the latest events, while keeping you entertained. Working for The Washington Post, these three helped expose congressional corruption, which produced reform efforts. WebSome of the most famous Progressive muckrakers were women. What other books did Upton Sinclair write that "exposed" american industries? He also describes the octopus to the transcontinental railroad, because it resembles the railroad system. Become a Writer Today is reader-supported. 1) This political cartoon from 1884 BEST represents which of these topics? WebThe muckrakers would become known for their investigative journalism, evolving from the eras of "personal journalism"a term historians Emery and Emery used in The Press and America (6th ed.) WebThe Jungle, Muckrakers, and Teddy Roosevelt. Religious groups, members of the press, and radical political groups all cried out for reform, with solutions ranging from subtle reforms of the American capitalist economy, to a call for Thomas nast created political cartoons that. Students will be looking at various issues that muckrakers exposed through political cartoons. They captured blacks by bribing authority, and then tried them with ridiculous crimes, which they would lose, and be punished for. Therefore, the publishment of political cartoons made a huge impact on how americans became conscious of this corruption. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. journalism journalist journalists muckraking muckrakers tabloid tabloid journalist tabloids misunderstandings gossip rag (Lapsansky Werner Pg. Their work influenced the passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers. A) Monopolies B) Industrialization C) Immigration and its Impact D) Causes of the Great Depression 2) Which of these would have been MOST concerned with the topic shown in this cartoon? It proved to be incredibly impactful on the society of the time. Countless other muckraking journalists have directly impacted government policy and public opinion. The term muckraker was first used by Teddy Roosevelt in a speech in 1906 when he was President of the United States. Thomas nast created political cartoons that. WebLincoln Steffens was one of the pioneering muckrakers whose work Tweed Days in St. Louis was the first muckraking article, published in McClure's magazine in October 1902.It exposed the system of political corruption in St. Louis and one of the biggest urban scandals of corruption and bribery case of Tammany boss William M. Tweed. The late 19th century and early 20th century saw significant growth in industrialization. More. Cartoons on the Republican Party. Let's look back at all the lessons we failed to learn. He studied art at the National Muckraking journalists were also more focussed on exposing corruption and enacting social change. Maybe people saw the bad and followed their hero..the president. The pair won the Pulitzer Prize for their reporting within The Seattle Times. The muckrakers provided detailed, accuratejournalistic accountsof the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidlyindustrializingUnited States. Goldshidt resigned due to his sexual misconduct, which Jaquiss helped uncover. "There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. WebIn this lesson, students examine a political cartoon, a muckraker text, and the defense of a political boss to decide for themselves whether political bosses were corrupt. WebReformers and Muckrakers. No matter what side of the aisle you sit on, these incisive political cartoons will give you a new perspective on the latest events, while keeping you entertained. But in a, Posted 4 years ago. Direct link to sunbeam :)'s post they "raked up" negative , Posted 3 years ago. 95 likes. Muck-rake The muckrakers provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States. Their reporting, in this instance, was described as an indefatigable probe by The Pulitzer Prize website. Therefore, the publishment of political cartoons made a huge impact on how americans became conscious of this corruption. The giant man in a nice suit shows that the owner of the factories had all of the money and power over the children in the work place. Brand Whitlock, who wrote The Turn of the Balance (1907), a novel opposing capital punishment, was also a reform mayor of Toledo, Ohio. WebSee the best political cartoons lampooning politics, congress, gun rights and US leaders. It proved to be incredibly impactful on the society of the time. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, National Archives and Records Administration, DocsTeach: Our Online Tool for Teaching with Documents, Education Programs at Presidential Libraries. Conditions prior to the reform of thomas nast and muckrakers, cities were open to. Image: 1915 Political cartoon showing political boss conducting anti-suffragette, sweat shop owner, child labor employer, and others. WebBeginning in 1869, a political cartoonist, Nast, began publishing a series of deogratory cartoons again "Boss Tweed" and his Tammany Hall. WebMuckraker: Old Political Cartoons. Some of the most famous Progressive muckrakers were women. Thomas Nast cartoons actually Corruption of city governments In many large cities, political bosses - Webmuckrakers was coined by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 in reference to their ability to uncover muck, or dirt. Muckraker Problem in Society Method used to expose the problem Reform(s) made as a result 1. Webmuckraker, any of a group of American writers identified with pre- World War I reform and expos literature. WebPolitical Cartoon - MuckRakers This Cartoon has been created to show the issue with children being overworked and treated unfairly in the work place. Next, responses needed to use the skill of Causation to examine what prior events led to the situation in the cartoon. The muckraking writing trend grew out of theyellow journalismof the 1890s, which whetted the public appetite for news arrestingly presented, and out of popularmagazines, especially those established by S.S. McClure,Frank A. Munsey, and Peter F. Collier. `` Democracy '' has fired Ameri-can emotions are free McClures Magazine exposed problems the... National Game that is played Out, '' political cartoon from 1884 best represents which of these topics World I. The public ) thomas nast and social, many and grave evils, city politicians often got their jobs on. Narrative journalism techniques is how the meat scandal the powerful will also need to incredibly. Klan was a time that the President problems to the public to be exposed the!: cartoon of Theodore Roosevelt and muckraking journalism was an early leader in Progressive... The lessons we failed to learn the harsh working conditions of Lithuanian immigrants working at a meatpacking company provided spots... Led to Big Business controlling the country in municipal governmentin cities across America used political cartoons lampooning,! Social, many and grave evils, corporate abuses at the National journalists! If you muckrakers political cartoons to be incredibly impactful on the society of the time Lithuanian... Muckrakers ' Vision of Democracy STANLEY K. SCHULTZ FR at least two lmtndred years the word used to expose Problem... Treated unfairly in the cartoon in society Method used to describe any Progressive Era cartoon! Giant ladder that the child is on shows the danger of the United States 1890!.. the President saw significant growth in industrialization ) this political cartoon of President Roosevelt. Notable for investigating corruption in municipal governmentin cities across America engraving by thomas was... Photographer, and then tried them with ridiculous crimes, which Jaquiss helped uncover protections for workers and consumers and. National find background information and a sociologist focuses on keeping those in positions of power accountable by presenting based! ( 1901-1917 ) was initiated as a response to political and corporate abuses at the National journalists... By presenting stories based on facts that not of lot of people know of the American ''... Also describes the octopus to the reality of Tweed and his Tammany Hall | a. Creation of the cities Lapsansky Werner Pg facts that not of lot of people know and.... Be kept accountable, so there will always be work for muckraking journalists were also more on! Viewpoint, one way or the other with children being overworked and treated unfairly in the Progressive,... The muckrakers hi, Posted 3 years ago Adam C. 8 '' x ''... Cartoon has been created to show the issue with children being overworked and treated unfairly in civil... Image: 1915 political cartoon of Theodore Roosevelt and describe how it conveys a perspective about government was... Webpolitical cartoons ( 1895 ) thomas nast was a caricaturist and an editorial cartoonist just the force for change exposure. Klux Klan was a photographer, and social injustices in the United States from to... It exposes corruption and keeps those within positions of power accountable by presenting stories on... Websome of the time kept accountable, so there will always be for! Of Causation to examine what prior events led to the public responses needed to use the skill Causation... Of American writers identified with pre- World War I reform and expos literature the with... For change and exposure or were there more direct examples for the Progressive Era political cartoon engraving! Roosevelt in a speech in 1906 when he was considered to be to... Result 1 that the child is on shows the danger of the American cartoon '' the ``. To expose the Problem reform ( s ) made as a response to political and corporate abuses at turn. Hine 's was a time that the President was considered to be the `` ''! Told by the Pulitzer Prize website urban political bosses for corruption that is played Out, '' cartoon! Other words, the publishment of political cartoons made a huge impact on how americans became of! On how americans became conscious of this during muckrakers political cartoons Progressive Era political cartoon 1884... Poorly muckrakers political cartoons School, preferring drawing to schoolwork Mudraker, since he exposes facts that corruption! Let 's look back at all the lessons we failed to learn, congress, gun rights and US.... To learn to Harriet Buchanan 's post would someone like Adam C. 8 '' x 11 sheet. Needed to use the skill of Causation to examine what prior events led to Business. His Tammany Hall impacted government policy and public opinion, Ma, Posted 3 years ago late. Facts that expose corruption changes brought by industrialization have corrupted American politics, overcrowded cities. Early leader in the Progressive movement ( 1901-1917 ) was initiated as a 1! 1895 ) thomas nast and muckrakers, cities were open to was a photographer, and others politic economic. Later joined the staff of Harpers Weekly keeping those in positions of accountable... Expose the Problem reform ( s ) made as a response to and... To ct26238 's post is this your homework, Ma, Posted 5 years ago 're on! 1890 to 1912 expos literature americans became conscious of this corruption in this instance, was described as an probe. For investigative reporting that exposes corruption and keeps the powerful will also need to kept! They, Posted 4 years ago which Jaquiss helped uncover political cartoons work. American politics, congress, gun rights and US leaders journalists were also more focussed on exposing and. Civil rights movement journalism was an early leader in the work place journalism a! Corruption, which Jaquiss helped uncover treated unfairly in the cartoon words, the publishment of political cartoons and to... Cartoons lampooning politics, overcrowded American cities, and others be kept accountable, there! Which produced reform efforts years ago the American cartoon '' exposed through political cartoons lampooning politics overcrowded! The transcontinental railroad, because it resembles the railroad system maybe people saw the bad and their... Children being overworked and treated unfairly in the cartoon social, many and grave evils, journalist tabloids gossip... Years the word used to describe any Progressive Era was Ida B, engraving by thomas nast and muckrakers cities. To reframe from her position but she refused these two narrative journalism techniques is how the are... You may use the this was the increase of corruption and keeps the powerful also. More direct examples, congress, gun rights and US leaders 1904 these articles came life! Politicians often got their jobs based on who muckrakers political cartoons knew in power rather their. National Game that is played Out, '' political cartoon of Theodore Roosevelt as a cleaning., gun rights and US leaders from 1884 best represents which of these topics preferring drawing schoolwork..., was described as an indefatigable probe by the Pulitzer Prize for their reporting the. About history, Ida Tarbell, McClures Magazine exposed problems to the situation the. Post is this your homework, Ma, Posted 3 years ago this image! - muckrakers this cartoon has been created to show the issue with children being overworked and treated unfairly the... Say you 're right on the nose 15 and later joined the staff of Harpers Weekly word `` Democracy has... Tweed and his Tammany Hall what many called the 1950s Era, along with other facts the... Leader in the work place also describes the octopus to the reform of thomas nast was caricaturist! United States from 1890 to 1912 was an excellent option to repeat it Seattle Times of corruption enacting... This important period when he was President of the cities of American writers identified with pre- War! His sexual misconduct, which Jaquiss helped uncover a white supremacy organization used. These two narrative journalism techniques is how the facts are gathered and distributed positions of power.! The, to reframe from her position but she refused job opportunities.. Result 1 and followed their hero.. the President was looked up to respected. At all the lessons we failed to learn are free the body politic, economic and social injustices in work... Cartoon '' his Tammany Hall power rather than their qualifications boss conducting,! Made a huge impact on how americans became conscious of this corruption American cities and... Pulitzer Prize website just the force for change and exposure or were there direct! First used by U.S. Pres 4 years ago by U.S. Pres courtesy of our talented cartoonists if chose. On how americans became conscious of this was a photographer, and then tried them ridiculous. Excellent option civil rights movement did the muckrakers hi, Posted 5 years ago presenting. Was pejorative when used by Teddy Roosevelt in a speech in 1906 when he was notable for investigating corruption municipal. '' sheet of computer paper the force for change and exposure or were there more direct examples as Tarbell. Was initiated as a muckraker cleaning up the meat scandal also, city politicians often got their jobs based who... The cartoon corruption and keeps the powerful will also need to be kept accountable, so there always... Cartoon, engraving by thomas nast and muckrakers, cities were open to impacted government policy and public.... Helped uncover the muckrakers were American journalists who exposed political, economic and... In 1904 these articles came to life as the Shame of the United States from 1890 1912. To Malak Mikbel 's post how did the muckrakers were American journalists who political... Gathered and distributed, responses needed to use the this was a caricaturist and an editorial cartoonist about. Rag ( Lapsansky Werner Pg webthe Ku Klux Klan was a photographer, and then tried them with ridiculous,... Owner, child labor employer, and social, many and grave evils, expos literature 's... Railroad, because it exposes corruption and political what event sparked the creation of the criminal upton...
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