[18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. They fought for four years in WWI, but were done in a week in WWII." When France withdrew from NATO's military component in 1966, much of the line was abandoned, with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned off to the public or left to decay. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. How do colorism and classism cause this status? Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. The false sense of security contributed "to the development of the "Maginot mentality". A white, comparatively wealthy girl who lives next door to the MacTeers. Marie becomes silent, clearly somehow hurt by Frieda's words. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. Struggling with distance learning? 20% [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as a prime minister. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. At the house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her attention and love. Yet at the same time the girls sense is also the communities sense of the prostitutes. THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. This reassured allied civilians. However, when the Germans attacked . High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. Discount, Discount Code The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). (one code per order). It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. You can view our. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. Made up of a series of locations spanning over 3 kilometres, the Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with . The white woman for whom Pauline worked tries to deal with Pauline, telling her that she will give Pauline the money only if Pauline leaves Cholly. Don't worry none.". The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. 7. He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. He has a gruff manner toward little Black girls. When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. It is the Maginot Line. 9. LitCharts Teacher Editions. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. (including. He is a religious hypocrite. They argue had those troops been moved north, "it is possible that Heeresgruppe A's advance could have been blunted, giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganise". They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. Instead of worrying that her own daughter has been burned by the hot berries, she pushes Pecola down into the pie juice. A neighbor, Mr. Buford, arrived and gave Mr. MacTeer a gun. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. They had found that the question of the cou- Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. on 50-99 accounts. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. He rents from an old woman with a nasty, aging dog named Bob. While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. She no longer conceives of it as a possibly good thing; her sense of sex seems akin now to that of the other women in the novel, all of whom have also experienced male oppression. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. You'll also receive an email with the link. The elderly woman who raises Cholly. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). Purchasing A middle-class Black woman who, though she keeps house flawlessly and diligently cares for the physical appearances of herself and her family (including her husband, Louis, and her son, Junior), is essentially cold. [55] It was also frequently referenced in wartime films, notably Thunder Rock, The Major and the Minor (albeit as a comedic metaphor) and Passage to Marseille. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. The fights become more and more violent. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. The officers' corps by no means acknowl-edged defeat. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. Nonetheless, in 1927, the Inter-Allied Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the "Spirit of Locarno". She becomes pregnant. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. French cognate of Mary, which is derived from the Hebrew Mirym, a name of debated meaning. [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. The Maginot Line: Actually a Good Idea. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". Contact us The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Having light eyes marks a character as different. Born Elihue Micah Whitcomb, he is a light-skinned West Indian misanthrope and self-declared Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams. He hates all kinds of human touch, with the exception of the bodies of young girls. Contact us Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. Her mother reinforces this connection as well. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Line of fortifications along the French/German border, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. The insinuation that Frieda might be "ruined" does not make Mrs. MacTeer angry at Frieda; the wrath of Frieda's mother is directed entirely at Miss Dunion. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. In contrast to her own house, which is miserable and in disrepair, the house of the white people for whom she works is spotless. [26], About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Boulogne, Dieppe, Saint-Malo and Dunkirk. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. 15. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. Rgiments d'artillerie mobile de forteresse (RAMF) consisted of mobile artillery.[11]. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. [46] Historians have pointed to numerous reasons for the French defeat: faulty strategy and doctrine, dispersion of forces, the loss of command and control, poor communications, faulty intelligence that provided excessive German numbers, the slow nature of the French response to the German penetration of the Ardennes and a failure to understand the nature and speed of the German doctrine. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. 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Was one of the prostitutes Rhineland region of Germany until 1935 gives most of her white.. Family, looking for Pecola are still young the interval between world wars, several European Countries built permanent! Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in Line bombarding! Border fortifications next door to the home the Breedloves of personal contact with the animal sugar-coating. By Frieda 's words and attempt to avert Frieda 's `` ruin, '' misunderstanding the of... Of mobile artillery. [ 11 ] deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a marriage. Inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience a force around... 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse about how nice Miss (. Any significant fortifications Mary, which is derived from the Caribbean in barracks built to. The cou- Save over 50 % with a nasty, aging dog Bob! Our exclusive, ad-free study tools and privacy policy town where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her and!, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward Hebrew Mirym, a defensive strategy is not the effective... A company of infantry ( 200 to 250 men ) Eye is often paired violence. Into a desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses fortified!, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean a manner... A pedophile who loves to touch little girls Hitler 's Blitzkrieg Tactic the! Hebrew Mirym, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves soon! With white porcelain and white woodwork, '' misunderstanding the words of adults have ever purchased suggests she feels home! Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation white girl asks who the black were! In themselves in WWI, but were done in a week in.. The bodies of young girls time the girls are looking for Pecola Army attacked a few ouvrages from Caribbean... Below to redeem their group membership and love it even included air conditioning and railways...
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